Chemicool

Tl

81

204.37
Thallium
General | States | Energies | Oxidation & Electrons |Appearance & Characteristics
Reactions | Other Forms |Radius | Conductivity | Abundance
Encyclopedia Britannica articles

General
Name Thallium Symbol Tl
atomic number 81 Atomic weight 204.37
Density @ 293 K 11.85 g/cm3 Atomic volume 17.2 cm3/mol
Group Metal discovered 1861

States
state (s, l, g) s
melting point 576.7 K boiling point 1730 K
Heat of fusion 4.142 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 164.10 kJ/mol
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Energies
1st ionization energy 589.4 kJ/mole electronegativity 1.83
2nd ionization energy 1971 kJ/mole electron affinity 20 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy 2878 kJ/mole Specific heat 0.13 J/gK
heat atomization 182 kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons
Shells 2,8,18,32,18,3 electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
minimum oxidation number 0 maximum oxidation number 3
min. common oxidation no. 0 max. common oxidation no. 3
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Appearance & Characteristics
structure hcp: hexagonal close pkd color bluish-gray
uses IR detectors, photomult. toxicity
hardness 1.2 mohs characteristics soft

Reactions
reaction with air mild, = Tl2O reaction with 6M HCl
reaction with 6M HCl reaction with 15M HNO3 mild, = TlNO3
reaction with 6M NaOH
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Other Forms
number of isotopes 2 hydride(s)
oxide(s) Tl2O Tl2O3 chloride(s) TlCl TlCl3

Radius
ionic radius (2- ion) pm ionic radius (1- ion) pm
atomic radius 170 pm ionic radius (1+ ion) 164 pm
ionic radius (2+ ion) pm ionic radius (3+ ion) 102.5 pm
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Conductivity
thermal conductivity 46.1 J/m-sec-deg electrical conductivity 55.556 1/mohm-cm
polarizability 7.6 A^3

Abundance
source Zn/Pb smelting by-product rel. abund. solar system -0.735 log
abundance earth's crust -0.3 log cost, pure 48 $/100g
cost, bulk $/100g
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