Chemicool

Ge

32

72.59
Germanium
General | States | Energies | Oxidation & Electrons |Appearance & Characteristics
Reactions | Other Forms |Radius | Conductivity | Abundance
Encyclopedia Britannica articles

General
Name Germanium Symbol Ge
atomic number 32 Atomic weight 72.59
Density @ 293 K 5.323 g/cm3 Atomic volume 13.6 cm3/mol
Group Metal, Carbon group discovered 1886

States
state (s, l, g) s
melting point 1210.6 K boiling point 3123 K
Heat of fusion 36.940 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 330.90 kJ/mol
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Energies
1st ionization energy 762.1 kJ/mole electronegativity 2.01
2nd ionization energy 1537.4 kJ/mole electron affinity 120 kJ/mole
3rd ionization energy 3301.7 kJ/mole Specific heat 0.32 J/gK
heat atomization 377 kJ/mole atoms

Oxidation & Electrons
Shells 2,8,18,4 electron configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
minimum oxidation number -4 maximum oxidation number 4
min. common oxidation no. -4 max. common oxidation no. 4
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Appearance & Characteristics
structure diamond color gray-black
uses transistor, wide-ang lens toxicity
hardness mohs characteristics semimetal, brittle

Reactions
reaction with air mild, w/ht = GeO2 reaction with 6M HCl none
reaction with 6M HCl none reaction with 15M HNO3 mild, = Ge(IV), NOx
reaction with 6M NaOH none
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Other Forms
number of isotopes 5 hydride(s) GeH4 Ge2H6 + more
oxide(s) GeO GeO2 chloride(s) GeCl2 GeCl4

Radius
ionic radius (2- ion) pm ionic radius (1- ion) pm
atomic radius 122.3 pm ionic radius (1+ ion) pm
ionic radius (2+ ion) 87 pm ionic radius (3+ ion) pm
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Conductivity
thermal conductivity 60.2 J/m-sec-deg electrical conductivity 0 1/mohm-cm
polarizability 6.1 A^3

Abundance
source Zn smelting by-product rel. abund. solar system 2.076 log
abundance earth's crust 0.7 log cost, pure 360 $/100g
cost, bulk $/100g
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